在语音识别中,我们的数据集是音频文件和其对应的文本,不幸的是,音频文件和文本很难在单词的单位上对齐。除了语言识别,在OCR,机器翻译中,都存在类似的Sequence to Sequence结构,同样也需要在预处理操作时进行对齐,但是这种对齐有时候是非常困难的。如果不使用对齐而直接训练模型时,由于人的语速的不同,或者字符间距离的不同,导致模型很难收敛。
Do we really need Mamba for Vision? 视觉问题真得需要Mamba 模型吗Hypothesis 1:SSM 对于图像分类没有必要,因为该任务既不具有长序列特征也不具有自回归特征。 Hypothesis 2:sSM 可能对对象检测和实例分割有潜在好处,因为这些任务具有长序列特征,但不具有自回归特征。 重要的是三个问题:怎么分析的,模型怎么实现的,以及怎么用实验证明的。
第二部分相关工作简要小结了 Transformer 典型模型 BERT和 GPT系列,以及 ViT 强调了Transformer 中的注意力模块会随序列长度增加而扩展,带来显著的计算挑战。许多研究探索了各种策略来缓解这一问题,如低秩方法、内核化、token 混合范围限制和历史记忆压缩。这都是水文章的号方向。最近,RNN-like方法(特别是 RWKV和Mamba)因其在大规模语言模型中的出色表现而受到关注,这点到目前为止还是毋庸置疑的。
但这样以来还怎么 OUT 呀!于是他们反向思考:首先,什么时候不需要长序列呢?视觉作为空间数据,那种最不需要呢?你说是鸡蛋里挑骨头也好,逆向思维也好。既然逻辑上它擅长长序列,那就说明短序列一般,那咱们就摁着短序列搞不就成了。 其次,什么时候不需要因果注意力呢?什么问题需要全局可见注意力呢?着这个方向搞,不也能证明 Mamba不行吗?这种创新的思维方式确实聪明,典型的田忌赛马思路,你打你的,我打我的,拉到我擅长的地方打,你还打得过吗?
当我们主要关注文本和语音模态时,GPT-4o其实就是一个语音语言模型(speech language model, SLM)。该SLM同时具备语音理解能力和语音合成能力,输入端和输出端均支持文本和语音的混合多模态。那么,这一SLM应该如何实现呢?在大语言模型(large language model, LLM)滥觞的今日,不难想到这样一种方法:将连续的语音数据离散化成如同单词(或者称token,词元)一样的表示,并入到LLM的词表中,再走一遍训练LLM的老路。
audio & text tokenizer的实现应该是语音离散化部分所用的技术,例如SoundStream、Encodec、SpeechTokenizer,或者是MEL+VQ最后配合声码器来解码;参考zero-shot TTS、AudioLM/AudioPaLM、SpeechGPT-Gen等工作的结果,LLM中语音token的解码应该是要走层次化或者多步的方法,先解码语义特征,再解码声学特征,或者是先解码MEL,再加一个HIFIGAN这样的声码器。另外,如果做audio/speech/music这样的通用声合成的话,可能也能通过prompt来控制。AudioLDM2虽然做了这方面的工作,但audio/music和speech的参数其实是不一样的,说到底还不是同一个模型。
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